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 Well flooding – regions where wellheads are below the ground floods during wet weather.

 Close proximity wells or other water resources to septic tanks, sewers etc
 Cross-connections with wastewater plumbing

RESEARCH STATUS

Tewari et al. 2012, performed fluoride contamination estimation in Unnao district and found
fluoride contamination range around 0.32 mg/L - 2.90 mg/L while the acceptable ICMR and

WHO limit in drinking water is 1.5 mg/L [28]. Suthar et al, 2008, assessed fluoride

contamination of some villages in north Rajasthan and found 95 waters unfit for drinking due
to higher level of fluoride [29]. Sharma et al. 2005, in industrial area of Kishangarh studied

quality of ground water. Various physical and chemical parameters before and after addition
of marble slurry in different proportions were observed. There was an increase in the

deterioration of groundwater quality with the addition of marble slurry [30]. Chavan et al.
2005, investigated the concentration of various organic pollutants present in Thane creek

water. High values of Biological oxygen demand (BOD) as well as Chemical oxygen

demand (COD). 15 phenolic compounds like alcohols, ether etc having harmful affect on life
were having high values too. It was also found that the source of pollutants is mainly from the

effluents discharged from nearby industries [31]. Jena and Mohanty investigated and
explained the different causes of water pollution in various industries such as mineral mining,

mineral processing, steel plant, nonferrous metal industries and the challenges for taking
necessary remedial measures. Multiple techniques for treatments of liquid effluent were

described. The processes being commercially used in each case were described [32]. Gupta

et al. 2009, performed analysis of 20 water samples from different collection points of
Kaithal region for their various physicochemical characteristics. The group analysed samples

for color, Odour, pH, TDS, Hardness, Alkalinity, Chloride, etc. Comparison of drinking

water samples with quality standards laid by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
and World Health Organization (WHO), concluded that some water samples were unfit for

human consumption because of the high concentration of the different parameters. Thus an
attempt was made to find the good quality of ground water in and around the town, and to

report if it is suitable for drinking or not [33]. Saravanakumar et al 2011, studied groundwater
quality in Ambattur industrial region of Chennai. A number of parameters like turbidity,

chloride, pH, sulphate, total hardness, and fluoride etc were studied. They compared the

various physico-chemical properties of water samples with World Health Organisation and
Indian Council of Medical Research limits and reported that the groundwater is highly unfit

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