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foliar spray of Lantana leaf extract to E. crassipes is suggested as oxidative stress (Zheng et

al., 2006). Therefore, commercial application of Lantana could be done to control water
hyacinth on a large scale.

Phytotoxic activity of its essential oil has also been demonstrated against some common
weeds Amaranthus hybridus and Portulaca oleracea by inhibiting germination and seedling

growth (Verdeguer et al., 2009). Cold and hot aqueous extracts of leaves of Lantana
effectively inhibited germination process of Phalaris minor and Sorghum bicolor (El-Kenany

and El-Darier, 2013). This suggests that Lantana could also be utilized as a potential

bioherbicide for control of weeds.
Lantana is recommended as a potent biofumigant against stored grain and household

insect pests. Essential oil (0.5% v/w) isolated from leaves of Lantana has demonstrated 100%

mortality rate against adults of maize grain weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Bouda et al., 2001).
Zoubiri and Baaliouamer (2012) have also demonstrated adulticidal effect of essential oil

against Sitophilus granarius which is an important stored product Beetle observed in grain
storage facilities. Rajashekar et al. (2014) found acetylcholinesterase inhibitor activity of a

coumaran isolated from leaves of Lantana against housefly, nervous tissue (ganglion) and the
whole insect homogenate of stored grain insect. Methanolic extract of leaves of Lantana have

shown significant fumigant and contact toxicity against the three most common grain storage

pests Rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L., Rust red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst.
and Adzuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis Fab. Thus, Lantana could also be used to

develop a potent biofumigant for pest control.
Nematicidal activity

Begum et al. (2000) have reported presence of nematicidal compounds lantanoside,
linaroside and camarinic acid against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in aerial

parts of Lantana. Lantanilic acid, camaric acid and oleanolic acid isolated from the

methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Lantana have also exhibited 98%, 95% and 70%
mortality against M. incognita respectively at a concentration of 0.5% (Qamar et al., 2005).

Pentacyclic triterpneoids isolated from aerial parts of Lantana were tested for nematicidal

activity against the nematode M. incognita. Compounds pomolic acid, lantanolic acid, and
lantoic acid showed 100% mortality at 1 mg/ml concentration after 24 hours, while camarin,

lantacin, camarinin, and ursolic acid exhibited 100% mortality of nematodes at the same
concentration after 48 hours (Begum et al., 2008). Begum et al. (2015) isolated triterpenoids

from aerial parts of Lantana and tested them for nematicidal activity against M. incognita and

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